12. Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson (N-Am.) – A rather regular but always ephemeral alien, nearly always associated with grain importation. First seen in 1952 and 1957 as a wool alien in the Vesdre valley. Subsequently in 1961 in a chickenrun near Namur (Lambinon 1963). From 1992 onwards seen most years in the vicinity of grain mills in port areas of Antwerpen and Gent, often in abundance (Robbrecht & Jongepier 1986, Verloove & Vandenberghe 1993). Most likely introduced with soybeans nowadays. About 90% of the Belgian collections are male.
Two additional, very similar dioecious species have been recorded as oilseed aliens in neighbouring countries: Amaranthus cf. arenicola I.M. Johnston and A. watsonii Standley (see for instance Brenan 1961, Clement & Foster 1994, Karlsson 2001, Stace 2010); they might have been overlooked in Belgium.
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Selected literature:
Brenan J.P.M. (1961) Amaranthus in Britain. Watsonia 4(6): 261-280.
Clement E.J. & Foster M.C. (1994) Alien plants of the British Isles. BSBI, London: XVIII + 590 p.
Costea M. (1997b) Amaranthus tamariscinus Nutt. and Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson in Romania. Acta Horti Buc. 1995-1996: 121-125.
Duvigneaud J. & Lambinon J. (1976) Quelques Amaranthus intéressants ou nouveaux pour la flore belge. Dumortiera 2: 27-32.
Iamonico D. & El Mokni R. (2017) Amaranthus palmeri, a second record for the African flora and notes on A. sonoriensis nom. nov. Bothalia 47(1): 1-4. [available online at: https://abcjournal.org/index.php/ABC/article/view/2100]
Karlsson T. (2001) Amaranthaceae. In: Jonsell B. (ed.), Flora Nordica, vol. 2. The Bergius Foundation, Stockholm: 57-72.
Lambinon J. (1963) Contribution à l’étude de la flore adventice de la Belgique. III. Une amarante dioique nouvelle pour la Belgique: Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. Lejeunia N.S. 18: 1-3.
Morichetti S., Cantero J.J., Núñez C., Barboza G.E., Espinar L.A., Amuchastegui A. & Ferrell J. (2013) Sobre la presencia de Amaranthus palmeri (Amaranthaceae) en Argentina. Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 48(2): 347-354. [available online at: http://www.botanicargentina.com.ar/boletin/48-3/16_barboza.pdf]
Patil D.A. (1998) Amaranthus palmeri Wats. a new record for Maharashtra. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 95(1): 150-151.
Robbrecht E. & Jongepier J.-W. (1986) Floristische waarnemingen in de kanaalzone Gent-Terneuzen (België, Oost-Vlaanderen & Nederland, Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), vooral van 1981 tot 1985. Dumortiera 36: 6-21.
Stace C. (2010) New flora of the British Isles, 3th ed.: XXXII + 1232 p. Cambridge University Press.
Verloove F. & Vandenberghe C. (1993) Nieuwe en interessante graanadventieven voor de Noordvlaamse en Noordfranse flora, hoofdzakelijk in 1992. Dumortiera 53-54: 35-57.