Arctotheca calendula
Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns (syn.: Arctotis calendula L., Cryptostemma calendula (L.) Druce) (S-Afr., grain and wool alien). – A very rare and ephemeral alien. Formerly repeatedly recorded as a wool alien in the valley of river Vesdre near Verviers, at least between 1902 and 1947 (Visé 1942, Visé 1958). Similar records were also known from several different other European countries (compare with Probst 1949). According to Stace (2010) it also is a rather frequent wool alien in arable fields and waste places in the British Isles. In 2012 scattered individuals (flowering and fruiting) were observed on two unloading quays for cereals in the port area of Gent (Sifferdok and Rodenhuizedok). In the first locality it was confirmed in 2013 which implies that it survived the long and severe winter of 2012-2013. In 2014 also recorded in a roadside in the port of Antwerpen, close to A12 motorway (see: http://waarnemingen.be/waarneming/view/83418380), as well as at the Cargill grain mill at the Kanaaldok.
In parts of southwestern Europe Arctotheca calendula is an upcoming, undesirable environmental weed, especially in coastal areas. It is known, for instance, from France, Italy (incl. Sicily), Portugal and Spain (Sierra y Ràfols 1979, Vivant 1980, Frey 1984, Madon 1994, etc.).
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References
Brundu G., Lozano V., Manca M., Celesti-Grapow L. & Sulas L. (2016) Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns: An emerging invasive species in Italy. Plant Biosystems 149(6): 954-957.
Frey H. (1984) Begegnung mit Arctotheca calendula L. Levyns. Eine Komposite von Kapland erobert die südwesteuropäische Kuste. In: Lang G. (ed.), Festschrift Max Welten. Vaduz, J. Cramer. Dissertationes Botanicae 72: 453-458.
Madon O. (1994) Un taxon introduit nouveau pour l'Italie: Arctotheca calendula. Flora Medit. 4: 201-202.
Probst R. (1949) Wolladventivflora Mitteleuropas. Vogt-Schild Ag., Solothurn:
VII + 192 p.
Sierra y Ràfols E. (1979) Algunes especies adventicies i naturalitzades. Collect. Bot. 11: 297-300.
Stace C. (2010) New flora of the British Isles, 3th ed.: XXXII + 1232 p. Cambridge University Press.
Talavera M. & Talavera S. (2015) El género Arctotheca Vaill. (Arctotideae, Compositae) en la Península Ibérica y Baleares. Acta Botanica Malacitana 40: 311-322. [available online at: http://www.biolveg.uma.es/abm/Volumenes/vol40/40_Talavera_y_Talavera_Arc...
Visé A. (1942) La flore adventice de la région de Verviers. Lejeunia 6: 99-119.
Visé A. (1958) Florule adventice de la vallée de la Vesdre. Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 90: 287-305.
Vivant J. (1980) Phanérogames adventices se naturalisant dans les Landes et les Pyrénées-Atlantiques. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 127: 289-295.